• Collection management
• Cryopreservation
• Freeze drying
• Other preservation methods

Collection management

Culture Collection Management and Preservation Techniques Bibliography Update - August 1998

Alexander, M.T., & Brandon, B.A. (Eds) (1986). Packaging and shipping of biological materials at ATCC. Rockville, Maryland: American Type Culture Collection.

Allsopp, D., Hawksworth, D.L. & Platt, R. (1989).The CAB International Mycological Institute Culture Collection Database, Microbial Culture Information Service (MiCIS) and Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE). International Biodeterioration 25, 169-174.

Anon. (1982). Mites. CAB International Mycological Institute (CMI).

Anon (1994). Genebank standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. ISBN 92 9043 236 5.

Anon (1996). Categorisation of pathogens according to hazard and categories of containment. Advisory Committee for Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP). Fourth edition. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).

von Arx, J.A. & Schipper, M.A.A. (1978). The CBS fungus collection. Advances in Applied Microbiology 24, 215-236.

Booth, C. (1971a). Fungal culture media. In: Methods in Microbiology 4, pp. 49-94.

Bridge, P.D. (1985). An evaluation of some physiological and biochemical methods as an aid to the characterization of species of Penicillium subsection Fasiculata. Journal of General Microbiology 131, 1887-1895.

Bridge, P.D. & Hawksworth, D.L. (1984). The API ZYM enzyme testing system as an aid to the rapid identification of Penicillium isolates. Microbiological Sciences 1, 232-234.

Bridge, P.D. & Hawksworth, D.L. (1985). Biochemical tests as an aid to the identification of Monascus species. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1, 25-29.

Bridge, P.D. & Hawksworth, D.L. (1990). New Horizons in the biosystematics of filamentous fungi. The Genetic Engineer and Biotechnologist 10, 9-11.

Clark, W.A. & Loegering, W.Q. (1967). Functions and maintenance of a type culture collection. Annual Review of Phytopathology 5, 319-342.

Cormack, M.W. (1951). Variation in the cultural characteristics and pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum and F. arthrosporoides. Canadian Journal of Botany 29, 32-45.

Davison, A., Brebandere, J. de., & Smith, D. (1998). Microbes, collections and the MOSAICC approach. Microbiology Australia 19, 36-37.

Diener, U.L. (1955). Sporulation in pure culture by Stemphylium solani. Phytopathology 45, 141-145.

Fincham, J.R.S. & Ravetz, J.R. (1991). Genetically Engineered Organisms Benefits and Risks, 158 pp., Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.

Frisvad, J.C. (1989). The use of high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection in fungal chemotaxonomy based on profiles of secondary metabolites. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 99, 81-95.

Gams, W., Aa, H.A. van der, Plaats-Niterink, A.J. van der, Samson, R.A. & Stalpers, J.A. (1987). CBS Course of Mycology, 110 pp. Baarn, Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.

Gams, W., Hennebert, G.L., Stalpers, J.A., Jansens, D., Schipper, M.A.A., Smith, J., Yarrow, D. & Hawksworth, D.L. (1988). Structuring strain data for the storage and retrieval of information on fungi and yeasts in MINE, Microbial Information Network Europe. Journal of General Microbiology 134, 1667-1689.

Green, P.N. & Woodford, S.K. (1992). Preservation studies on some obligatory methanotrophic bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology 14, 158-162.

Hall, G.S. & Minter, D.W. (1994) International Mycological Directory. Third Edition. Wallingford: CAB INTERNATIONAL.

Hawksworth, D.L. (1985). Fungus culture collections as a biotechnological resource. Biotechnological and Genetic Engineering Reviews 3, 417-453.

Hawksworth, D.L. (1991). The fungal dimension of biodiversity; magnitude, significance and conservation. Mycological Research 95, 641-655.

Hawksworth, D.L. & Kirsop, B.E. (eds) (1988). Living Resources for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi. 209pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hawksworth, D.L., Sastramihardja, I., Kokke, R. & Stevenson, R. (1990). Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms. WFCC Secretariat, Brazil: WFCC.

Hawksworth, D.L. & Schipper, M.A.A. (1989). Criteria for consideration in the accreditation of culture collections participating in MINE, the Microbial Information Network Europe. MIRCEN Journal 5, 277-281.

Hawksworth, D.L., Sutton, B.C. & Ainsworth, G.C. (1983). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of Fungi, 7th edition. Kew: CAB International Mycological Institute.

Kelley, D.J.A. & Budd, K. (1991). Polyol metabolism and osmotic adjustment in the mycelial ascomycete Neoscosmospora vasinfecta (E.F. Smith). Experimental Mycolology 15, 55-64.

Kirsop, B.E. (1983). Culture collections: microbiological resource centres. Biologist 30, 139-143.

Kirsop, B.E. & DaSilva, E.J. (1988). Organization of resource centres. In: Living Resoures for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi (edited by D.L Hawksworth and B.E. Kirsop) pp 173-187. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Kirsop, B.E. & Hawksworth, D.L. (eds) (1994) The biodiversity of microorganisms and the role of microbial resource centres. Braunschweig, Germany: World Federation for Culture Collections.

Kirsop, B.E. & Krutzman, C.P. (eds.) (1988). Living Resources for Biotechnology: Yeasts, 234 pp., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Leach, C.M. (1971). A practical guide to the effects of visible and ultraviolet light on fungi. In: Methods in Microbiology 4, pp. 608-664

Loegering, W.Q. (1965). A type culture collection of plant rust fungi. Phytopathology 55, 247.

McGowan, V.F. & Skerman, V.B.D. (1982). World directory of collections of cultures of microorganisms, Second edition. Australia University of Queensland: World Data Centre.

Onions, A.H.S., Allsopp, D. & Eggins, H.O.W. (eds.) (1981). Smith's Introduction to Industrial Mycology, 398 pp. London, UK: Edward Arnold.

Onions, A.H.S. & Smith, D. (1984). Current status of culture preservation technology. In: Critical Problems of Culture Collections, Symposium in IMC3, pp 41-47. Osaka, Japan: Institute of Fermentation.

Paterson, R. & Hawksworth, D.L. (1985). The detection of secondary metabolites in dried cultures of Penicillium preserved in Herbaria. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85, 95-100.

Paterson, R.R.M. (1986). Standardized one and two dimensional thin layer chromatographic methods for the identification of secondary metabolites in Penicillium and other fungi. Journal of Chromatography 368, 249-264.

Pitt, J.I. (1973). An appraisal of identification methods for Penicillium species; novel taxonomic criteria based on temperature and water relations. Mycologia 65, 1135-1157.

Pitt, J.I. (1980 ["1979"]). The Genus Penicillium and its Teleomorphic state: Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. London, New York: Academic Press.

Platt, R. (1987). Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE). UKFCC Newsletter 16, 5.

Platt, R. (1987). The CMICC Database and the MINE Project at the CAB International Mycological Institute. Binary 11, 21-23.

Platt, R. (1988). CMI named to be the UK Node of MINE. USFCC Newsletter 18 (4), 6

Platt, R. (1988). Update on Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE). Biotechnology Information News 10, 2.

Platt, R. (1989). CAB International Mycological Institute (CMI) - The UK Node of MINE. Methods in Molecular and Cellular Biology 1, 43-44.

Raper, K.B. & Thom, C. (1949). A Manual of the Penicillia. Baltimore, USA: Williams and Wilkins.

Samson, R.A. & Reenen-Hoekstra, E.S. van, (1988). Introduction to Food-borne Fungi. 299 pp., Baarn, Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.

Sansome, E.R. (1949). Spontaneous mutation standard and `GIGAS' forms of Penicillium notatum strains 1249 B21. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 32, 305-314.

Schipper, M.A.A. (1984). Collecting mycological cultures and improving cooperation: problems, impedements, opportunities. In: Critical problems of Culture Collections (edited by L.R. Batra and T. Ligima). Osaka, Japan: Institute of Fermentation, Osaka.

Simmons, E. (1984). Critical problems of culture collections - Opening remarks. In: Critical problems of culture collections, Symposium in IMC 3. (edited by L.R. Batra, T. Iijima). pp 11-13. Osaka: Institute of Fermentation, Osaka.

Sly, L.I. & Kirsop, B. (1990). 100 years of culture collections. Proceedings of the Kral Symposium to celebrate the centenary of the first recorded service culture collection. Osaka, Japan: Institute of Fermentation, Osaka.

Smith, D. (1990a). CAB International Information and database services. Bulletin of the Japan Federation for Culture Collections 6, 136-138.

Smith, D. (1990b). CAB International Mycological Institute (CMI) Database of fungus strains. Bulletin of the Japan Federation for Culture Collections 6, 139-140.

Smith, D. (1992). Optimising preservation. Laboratory Practice 41, 25-28.

Smith, D. (1995). Contribution to Chapter 8.8, Genetic Resources Collections, In: Heywood, V.H. (ed). Global Biodiversity Assessment, pp. 578-591. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

Smith, D. (1996). Biodiversity: appropriate conservation techniques and programmes. ECCO Newsletter 2, 11-18.

Smith, D. (1996). Biodiversity: appropriate conservation techniques and programmes. In: Proceedings, International Biodiversity Seminar ECCO XIV Meeting June 30 - July 4, 1995, Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia. Ljubljana: Slovenian National Committee for UNESCO and the National Institute of Chemistry.

Smith, D. (1996). Microbial Resource Collections: Current status and future strategy. In: MAFF International Workshop on Genetic Resources. Soil microorganisms. pp. 9-16. Japan: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

Smith, D. (ed) (1996). Committee on postal, quarantine and safety regulations report 1996, Postal, quarantine and safety regulations: status and concerns. Braunschweig, Germany: World Federation for Culture Collections. pp39.

Smith, D. (1996). Quality Systems for management of microbial collections. In: Culture Collections to improve the quality of life (edited by R.A. Samson, J.A. Stalpers, D. van der Mei and A.H. Stouthamer). pp137-142. Baarn. The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.

Smith, D. (1997). Microbial genetic resources: their use and organization. In: The Value and Valuation of Natural Science Collections (edited by J.R. Nudds and C.W. Pettitt) pp 38-48. London: The Geographical Society.

Smith, D. (1997). Sources of microorganisms and their preservation. In: Microbial Physiology - A practical approach (edited by M. Rhoades and P. Stanbury) pp 1-22. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Smith, D. & Onions, A.H.S. (1984). Current status of culture preservation and technology. In: Critical problems of Culture Collections, Symposium in IMC3, pp 41-47. Osaka, Japan: Institute of Fermentation.

Smith, D. & Onions A.H.S. (1994). The Preservation and Maintenance of Living Fungi. Second edition. IMI Technical Handbooks No. 2, pp 122. Wallingford, UK: CAB INTERNATIONAL.

Smith, G. (1954). Industrial Mycology. London: Edward Arnold. Smith, J.E. & Moss, M.O. (eds) (1985). Mycotoxins: Formation Analysis and Significance. Chichester; New York: John Wiley.

Smith, R.S. (1967). Control of Tarsonemid mites in fungal cultures. Mycologia 59, 600-609.

Snyder, W.C. & Hansen, H.N. (1946). Control of culture mites by cigarette paper barriers. Mycologia 38, 455-462.

Souza, K.A. & Zill, L.P. (1974). Survival of common bacteria in liquid culture under carbon dioxide at high temperatures. Nature 247, 67.

Stalpers, J.A., Kracht, M., Jansens, D., De Ley, J., Van der Toorn, J., Smith, J., Claus, D. & Hippe, H. (1990). Structuring strain data for storage and retrieval of information on bacteria in MINE, Microbial Information Network Europe. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 13, 92-103.

Stevenson, R.E. & Jong, S.C. (1992). Application of good laboratory practice (GLP) to culture collections of microbial and cell cultures. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 8, 229-235.

Sugawara, H., Ma, J., Miyazaki, S., Shimura, J. & Takishima, Y. (eds) (1993). World Directory of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi and Yeasts. Fourth edition. Japan: WFCC World Data Center on Microorganisms.

Takahashi, T. & Asai, T. (1933). Fermentation products of Mucor III. Production of glycerol and the effect of the addition of NaHSO and Na CO. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan 9, 443-448.

Takishima, Y., Shimuira, T., Udagawa, Y. & Sugawara, H. (eds) (1990). Guide to World Data Center on Microorganisms with a list of Culture Collections in the world. 249pp. Samitama: World Data Center on Microorganisms.

Timnick, M.B., Lilly, V.G. & Barnett, H.L. (1951). Factors affecting sporulation of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. batatis from soyabean. Phytopathology 41, 327-336.

Trinci, A.P.J. (1992). Mycoprotein: a twenty-year overnight success story. Mycological Research 96, 1-13.

Cryopreservation

Addy, H.D., Boswell, E.P. & Koide, R.T. (1998). Low temperature acclimation and freezing resistance of extraradical VA mycorrhizal hyphae. Mycological Research 102, 582-586.

Alexander, M., Daggett, P. -M., Gherna, R., Jong, S., Simione, F. & Hatt, H. (1980). American Type Culture Collection Methods I. Laboratory Manual on Preservation Freezing and Freeze-drying. Rockville, Maryland, American Type Culture Collection.

Anderson, W.H. & Skormand, B. (1971). A technique for cryogenic storage of the Septoria leaf blotch pathogen of barley. Phytpathology 61, 1027.

Antonio, J.P. San- & Blount, V. (1973). Use of liquid nitrogen to preserve downy mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli) inoculum. Plant Disease Reporter 57, 724.

Antonio, J.P. San- & Blount, V. & Hwang, S-W. (1970). Liquid nitrogen preservation of spawn stocks of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Journal of the American Society for Horticulture Science 95, 565-569.

Ashwood-Smith, M.J. (1985) Genetic damage is not produced by normal cryopreservation procedures involving either glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide: a cautionary note, however, on possible effects of dimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology 22, 427-433.

Ashwood-Smith, M.J. & Warby, C. (1971). Studies on the molecular weight and cryoprotective properties of PVP and Dextran. Cryobiology 8, 453-464.

Barbaree, J.M, & Smith, S.J. (1981). Loss of vacuum in rubber stoppered vials in a liquid nitrogen vapor phase freezer. Cryobiology 18, 528-531.

Barnhart, E.R. & Terry, C.E. (1971). Cryobiology of Neurospora II. Alteration in freeze response of N. crassa conidia by additives. Cryobiology 8, 3328-332.

Boutron, P. & Mehl, P. (1986) New cryoprotectors for the cryopreservation of cells by total vitrification. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, Actualites Botaniques 133, 27-39.

Breierova, E., Kovarovska, R. & Kockova-Kratochvilova (1987). Cryoprotection and freeze-drying of yeasts. Biologia (Bratislava) 42, 239-245.

Bromfield, K.R. & Schmitt, C.G. (1967). Cryogenic storage of conidia of Peronospora tabacinae. Phytopathology 57, 1133-1134.

Butterfield, W. & Jong, S.C. (1975). Retention of albino and brown phenotypes of Histoplasma capsulatum by liquid nitrogen refrigeration. Sabouraudia 13, 291-294.

Butterfield, W., Jong, S.C. & Alexander, M.J. (1974). Preservation of living fungi pathogenic for man and animals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 20, 1665-1673.

Butterfield, W., Jong, S.C. & Alexander, M.J. (1978). Polypropylene vials for preserving fungi in liquid nitrogen. Mycologia 70, 1122-1124.

Calcott, P.H. (1978). Freezing and thawing microbes. Shildon, UK: Meadowfield Press.

Carmichael, J.W. (1962). Viability of mould cultures stored at -20°C. Mycologia 54, 432-436. Carte, A.E (1961). Air bubbles in ice. Proceedings of the Physical Society 77, 757-768.

Challen, M.P. & Elliott, T.J. (1986). Polypropylene straw ampoules for the storage of microorganisms in liquid nitrogen. Journal of Microbiological Methods 5, 11-23.

Coulson, G.E., Morris, G.J. & Smith, D. (1986). A cryomicroscopic study of Penicillium expansum hyphae during freezing and thawing. Journal of General Microbiology 132, 183-190.

Dahmen, H., Staub, T & Schwinn, F. (1983). Technique for long-term preservation of phytopathogenic fungi in liquid nitrogen. Phytopathology 73, 241-46.

Daily, W.A. & Higgens, C.E. (1973). Preservation and storage of microorganisms in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 10, 364-367.

Douds, D.D., Jr. & Schenck, N.C. (1990) Cryopreservation of spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 115, 667-674.

Dowgert M.F. & Steponkus P.L. (1983). Effect of cold acclimation on intracellular ice formation in isolated protoplasts. Plant Pathology 72, 978-988.

Eidtmann, A. & Schauz, K. (1992) Cryopreservation of protoplasts from sporidia of Ustilago maydis. Mycological Research 96, 318-320.

Elliott, J.J. (1976). Alternative ampoule for storing fungal cultures in liquid nitrogen. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67, 545-546.

Farrant, J., Knight, S.C., McGann, L.E. & O'Brien, J. (1974). Optimal recovery of lymphocytes and tissue cultures following rapid cooling. Nature 249, 452-453.

Feltham, R.K.A., Power, A.K., Pell, P.A. & Sneath, P.H.A. (1978) A simple method for storage of bacteria at -76oC. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 44, 313-316.

Finkle, B.J. & Ulrich, J.M. (1979). Effects of cryoprotectants in combination on the survival of frozen sugar cane cells. Plant Pathology 63, 598-604.

Franks, F. (1981). Biophysics and biochemistry of low temperatures and freezing. In: Effects of Low Temperature of biological Membranes. (edited by Morris, G.J & Clarke, A.). pp 3-19. London: Academic Press.

Gale, A.W., Schmitt, C.G. & Bromfield, K.R. (1975). Cryogenic storage of conidia of Sclerospora sorghi. Phytopathology 65, 828-829.

Gelinas, P., Fiset, G., Leduy, A. & Goulet, J. (1989). Effect of growth conditions and trehalose content on cryotoloerance of bakers' yeast in frozen doughs. Applied Environmental Microbiology B55, 2453-2459.

Gilmour, M.N., Turner, G., Berman, G. & Krenzer, A.K. (1978). Compact liquid nitrogen storage system yielding high recoveries of gram-negative anaerobes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35, 84-88.

Grout, B.W.W. & Morris, G.J. (1987). The effects of low temperature in biological systems. London: Edward Arnold.

Grout, B., Morris, J. & McLellan, M. (1990) Cryopreservation and the maintenance of cell lines. Trends in Biotechnology 8, 293-297.

Gulya, T.J., Masirevic, S. & Thomas, C.E. (1993). Preservation of air-dried downy mildew sporangia in liquid nitrogen without cryoprotectants or controlled freezing. Mycological Research 97, 240-244.

Herbert, R.A. (1981). Low temperature adaption in bacteria. In: Effects of Low Temperatures on Biological Membranes. (edited by Morris, G.J. & Clarke, A.,). pp 41-53. London: Academic Press.

Hoffman, P. (1991). Cryopreservation of fungi. Technical Information Sheet No. 5. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 7, 92-94.

Holden, A. & Smith, D. (1992). Effect of cryopreservation methods in liquid nitrogen on viability of Puccinia abrupta Diet & Holw var. partheniicola urediniospores. Mycological Research 96, 473-476.

Hubalek, Z. (1996). Cryopreservation of microorganisms at ultra-low temperatures. Prague: Academia Praha.

Hubalek, Z. & Kockova-Kratochilova, A. (1982). Long-term preservation of yeast cultures in liquid nitrogen. Folia Microbiologica 27, 242-244.

Hwang, S. -W. (1960). Effects of ultralow temperature on the viability of selected fungus strains. Mycologia 52, 527-529.

Hwang, S. -W. (1966). Long term preservation of fungus cultures with liquid nitrogen refrigeration. Applied Microbiology 14, 784-788.

Hwang, S. -W. (1968). Investigation of ultra low temperature for fungal cultures I. An evaluation of liquid nitrogen storage for preservation of selected fungal cultures. Mycologia 60, 613-621.

Hwang, S. -W., Davis, E.E. & Alexander, M.T. (1964). Freezing and viability of Tetrahymena pyriformis in dimethylsulfoxide. Science 144, 64-65.

Hwang, S. -W. & Horneland, W. (1965). Survival of algal cultures after freezing by controlled and uncontrolled freezing. Cryobiology 1, 305-311.

Hwang, S. -W. & Howells, A. (1968). Investigation of ultra-low temperature of fungal cultures II. Cryoprotection afforded by glycerol and dimethly sulphoxide to eight selected fungal cultures. Mycologia 60, 622-626.

Hwang, S. -W., Kwolek, W.F. & Haynes, W.C. (1976). Investigation of ultra low temperature for fungal cultures III. Viability and growth rate of mycelial cultures cryogenic storage. Mycologia 68, 377-387.

Ishikawa, M. (1982). Cold hardiness of overwintering seeds with reference to developmental stage and types of resistance. Research Reports of Grant-aid for Special Project of Hokkaido University.

Ishikawa, M. (1984). Deep supercooling in most tissues of wintering Sasa senanensis and its mechanism in leaf blade tissues. Plant Physiology 75, 196-202.

Ishikawa, M. & Sakai, Akira (1981). Freezing avoidance mechanisms by supercooling in some Rhododendron flower buds with reference to water relations. Plant & Cell Physiology 22, 953-967.

Ishikawa, M. & Sakai, Akira (1982). Characteristics of freezing avoidance in comparison with freezing tolerance: A demonstration of extraorgan freezing. In: Plant cold hardiness and freezing stress. Tokyo: Academic Press.

Ishikawa, M. & Sakai, Akira (1985). Extraorgan freezing in wintering flower buds of Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc. Plant, Cell and Environment 8, 333-338.

Ishikawa, M. & Shizuo Yoshida (1985) Seasonal changes in plasma membranes and mitochondria isolated from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Possible relationship to cold hardiness. Plant Cell Physiology 26, 1331-1344. Ito, T (1991). Frozen storage of fungal cultures desposited in the IFO culture collection. Institute for Fermentation Osaka Research Communications 15, 119-128.

Ito, T & Akira Nakagiri (1996). Viability of frozen cultures of basidiomycetes after fifteen-year storage. Microbiology and Culture Collections 12, 67-68.

James, E.R. (1990) Cryopreservation of helminth parasites. In: In vitro cultivation of parasitic helminths (ed Smyth, J.D.). Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press Inc.

James, E.R. & Peacock, R. (1986) Studies on the cryopreservation of Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda) third stage larvae. Journal of Helminthology 60, 65-73.

Jong, S.C. & Davis, E.E. (1979). Cryopreservation of slime mutants of Neurospora crassa. Neurospora Newsletter 26, 26.

Joshi, L.M., Wilcoxson, R.D., Gera, S.D. & Chatterjee, S.C. (1974). Preservation of fungal cultures in liquid air. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 12, 598-599.

Keane, F.K. (1953). Comparative efficiency of some compounds containing the amino group in protecting tissues against freezing injury. Biodynamica 7, 137-169.

Keogh, B.P. (1970). Survival and activity of frozen starter cultures for cheese manufacture. Applied Microbiology 19, 928-931.

Kieft, T.L. & Ahmadjian, V. (1989). Biological ice nucleation activity in lichen mycobionts and photobionts. Lichenologist 21, 355-362.

Kilpatrick, R.A., Harmon, D.L., Loegering, W.Q. & Clark, W.A. (1971). Viability of uredospores of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici stored in liquid nitrogen. Plant Disease Reporter 55, 871-873.

Kirsop, B.E. & Doyle, A. (eds) (1991). Maintenance of Microorganisms and Cultured Cells: A Manual of Laboratory Methods, London: Academic Press.

Kirsop, B.E. & Snell, J.J.S. (eds) (1984). Maintenance of Microorganisms, London: Academic Press.

Kockova-Kratochvilova, A. & Hubalek, Z. (1983). Liquid nitrogen storage of yeast cultures. II. Stability of characteristics of stored strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49, 571-578.

Kolkowski, J.A. & Smith, D. (1995). Cryopreservation and freeze-drying of fungi. In: Methods in Molecular Biology 38, Cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols (edited by J.G. Day and M.R. McLellan pp 49-61. Tolowa, NJ, USA: Humana Press.

Langis, R. & Steponkus, P.L. (1990). Cryopreservation of Rye protoplasts by vitrification. Plant Physiology 92, 666-671.

Leeson, E.A., Cann, J.P. & Morris, G.J. (1984). Maintenance of algae and protozoa. In: Maintenance of microorganisms,. (edited by B.E. Kirsop & J.J.S. Snell). pp 131-160. London: Academic Press.

Leibo, S.P. (1977). Fundemental cryobiology of mouse ova and embryos. In: The Freezing of Mammalian Embryos. (edited by K. Elliot and J. Whelan). Ciba Foundation Symposium 52 (New Series). pp 69-96. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Leibo, S.P., Dowgert, M.F. & Steponkus, P.L. (1984). Cryobiology 21, 257-271.

Levitt, J. (1966). Winter hardiness in plants. In: Cryobiology. (edited by H.T. Meryman). pp 495-563. London: Academic Press.

Li, Zhongquing & Yuan Wei (1984). The response of various yeast strains subjected to ultra-low temperature freezing and thawing. Acta Mycologia Sinica 3, 178-187.

Loegering, W.Q., Harrison, D.L. & Clark, W.A. (1966). Storage of uredospores of Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici in liquid nitrogen. Plant Disease Reporter 50, 502-506.

Long, R.A., Woods, J.M. & Schmitt, G.C. (1978). Recovery of viable conidia of Sclerospora philippinensis, S. sacchari and S. sorghi after cryogenic stroage. Plant Disease Reporter 62, 479-481.

Lovelock, J.E. (1954). Preservation and storage of microorganisms in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 10, 364-367.

Lumsden, W.H.R. (1972). Principles of viable preservation of parasitic protozoa. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 327-332.

Lyons, J.M., Raison, J.K. & Steponkus, P.L. (1979). The plant membrane in response to low temperature: An overview. In: Low temperature stress in crop plants New York: Academic Press. MacDonald, K.D. (1972). Storage of conidia of Penicillium chrysogenum in liquid nitrogen. Applied Microbiology 23, 990-993.

Marcin, A., Kisidayova, S., Fejes, J., Zelenak, I. & Kmet, V. (1992) A simple technique for cryopreservation of the rumen protozoon Entodinium caudatum. Cryo-letters 13, 175-182.

Margos, G., Maier, W.A. & Seitz, H.M. (1992) Experiments on cryopreservation of Plasmodium falciparum. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 43, 13-16.

Mathai, E. & Singh, B. (1989) A comparative study of two methods for the cryopreservation of Plasmodium falciparum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, 469-470.

Mazur, P. (1956). Studies of the effects of subzero temperatures on the viability of spores of Aspergillus flavus. I. The effect of rate of warming. Journal of General Physiology 39, 869-888.

Mazur, P. (1966). Physical and chemical basis of injury in single celled microorganisms subjected to freezing and thawing. In: Cryobiology pp. 213-315. London and New York: Academic Press.

Mazur, P. (1968). Survival of fungi after freezing and desiccation. In: The Fungi III. The Fungal Population. pp 325-394. (edited by G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman) New York and London: Academic Press.

Mazur, P. (1969). Freezing injury in plants. Annual Review Plant Physiology 20, 419-448.

Mazur, P. (1970). Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems. Science 168, 939-949.

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Other preservation techniques: excluding freeze-drying and cryopreservation

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Buell, C.B. & Weston, W.H. (1947). Application of the mineral oil conservation method to maintaining collections of fungus cultures. American Journal of Botany 34, 555-561.

Carmichael, J.W. (1956). Frozen storage for stock cultures. Mycologia 48, 378-381.

Carmichael, J.W. (1962). Viability of mould cultures stored at -20°C. Mycologia 54, 432-436.

Castellani, A. (1939). Viability of some pathogenic fungi in distilled water. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, 225-226.

Castellani, A. (1967). Maintenance and cultivation of common pathogenic fungi of man in sterile distilled water. Further researches. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 181-184.

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Clark, G. & Dick, M.W. (1974). Long-term storage and viability of aquatic oomycetes. Transaction of the British Mycological Society 63, 611-612.

Cormack, M.W. (1951). Variation in the cultural characteristics and pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum and F. arthrosporoides. Canadian Journal of Botany 29, 32-45.

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Doory, Y. Al-. (1968). Survival of dermatophyte cultures maintained on hair. Mycologia 60, 720-723.

Elliott, R.F. (1975). Viability of fungal cultures dried and stored over silica gel. New Zealand Journal of Sciences 18, 577-583.

Ellis, J.J. (1979). Preserving fungus strains in sterile water. Mycologia 71, 1072-1075.

Farina, J.I., Sineriz, F., Molina, O.E. & Perotti, N.I. (1996). Low cost method for the preservation of Sclerotium rolfsii Proimi F-6656: inoculum standardization and its use in scleroglucan production. Biotechnology Techniques 10, 705-708.

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Figueiredo, M.B. (1967). Estudes sobre a aplicacao do metodo de Castella i para conservacao de fungos patogenos emplantas. O Biologico 33, 9-15.

Figueiredo, M.B. & Pimentel, C.P.V. (1975). Metodos utilizados para conservacao de fungos na micoteca da Secao de Micologia Fitopatologica de Instituto Biologico. Summa Phytopathogica 1, 299-302.

Gentles, J.C. & Scott, E. (1979). The preservation of medically important fungi. Sabouraudia 17, 415-418.

Goldie-Smith, E.K. (1956). Maintenance of stock cultures of aquatic fungi. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 72, 158-166.

Gordon, W.L. (1952). The occurrence of Fusarium species in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 30, 209-251.

Grivell, A.R. & Jackson, J.F. (1969). Microbial culture preservation with silica gel. Journal of General Microbiology 58, 423-425.

Gulya, T.J., Masirevic, S. & Thomas, C.E. (1993). Preservation of air-dried downy mildew sporangia in liquid nitrogen without cryoprotectants or controlled freezing. Mycological Research 97, 240-244.

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Heinonen-Tanski, H. (1989) Maintenance methods for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment 28, 171-174.

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Kobayashi, T. (1984). Maintaining cultures of Basidiomycetes by mineral oil method I. Bulletin of Forestry and Forestry Product Research Institute 325, 141-147.

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Little, G.N. & Gordon, M.A. (1967). Survival of fungal cultures maintained under mineral oil for twelve years. Mycologia 59, 733-736.

Loegering, W.Q. (1965). A type culture collection of plant rust fungi. Phytopathology 55, 247.

Malik, K.A., Beyersford-Radeck, B. & Scmid, R.D. (1993) Preservation of immobilized bacterial cell-matrix by drying for direct use in microbial sensors. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 9, 243-247.

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Mata, J.F. da & Tokeshi, H. (1976). Comparison of three methods of preserving Ustilago scitaminea. Summa Phytopathologia 2, 185-193.

McGinnis, M.R., Padhye, A.A. & Ajello, L. (1974). Storage of stock cultures of filamentous fungi, yeasts and some aerobic actinomycetes in sterile distilled water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 28, 218-222.

Mehtra, S.K., Dayal, H.M. & Agarwal, P.N. (1977). Preservation of fungal spores by the silver sand technique. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 15, 81-82.

Mikata, K., Yamauchi, S. & Banno, I. (1983). Preservation of yeast cultures by L-drying: viability of 1710 yeasts after drying and storage. Institute of Fermentation Osaka Research Communications 11, 25-46.

O'Brien, M.J. & Webb, R.E. (1958). Preservation of conidia of Albugo occidentalis and Peronospora effus, obligate parasites of spinach. Plant Disease Reporter 42, 1312-1315.

O'Brien, R.G. & Weinert, M. (1994). A storage technique for cucurbit powdery mildew (Spaerotheca fuliginea). Australian Plant Pathology 23, 86-87.

Ogata, W.N. (1962). Preservation of Neurospora stock cultures with anhydrous silica gel. Neurospora Newsletter 1, 13.

Onsberg, P. & Bungaard, J. (1978). Storage of Epidermophyton floccosum at -22 C. Mycologia 70, 899-900.

Paton, F.M. & Jennings, D.H. (1988). Effect of sodium and potassium chloride and polyols on malate

Perkins, D.D. (1962). Preservation of Neurospora stock cultures in anhydrous silica gel. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8, 591-594.

Perrin, P.W. (1979). Long term storage of cultures of wood inhabiting fungi under mineral oil. Mycologia 71, 867-869.

Reischer, H.S. (1949). Preservation of Saprolegniaceae by the mineral oil method. Mycologia 41, 177-179.

Seaby, D.A. (1977). A convenient method for the dry preservation of living fungal or bacterial cultures. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society 11, 55-56.

Shearer, B.L., Zeyen, R.J. & Ooka, J.J. (1974). Storage and behaviour in soil of Septoria species isolated from cereals. Phytopathology 64, 163-167.

Shen, L.Y. et al. (1988) Cryopreservation of microfilariae and third stage larvae of Brugia malayi. Chinese Journal of Zoology 23, 1-3.

Sherf, A.F. (1943). A method for maintaining Phytomonas sepedonica in culture for long periods without transfer. Phytopathology 33, 330-332.

Smith, D. (1991). Maintenance of filamentous fungi. In: Maintenance of Microorganisms and cultured cells, second edition (edited by B.E. Kirsop and A. Doyle). London: Academic Press.

Smith, D. & Kolkowski, J. (1996). Fungi. In: Preservation and Maintenance of cultures used in Biotechnology and Industry (edited by Jennie C. Hunter- Cevera and Angela Belt). pp 101-132. USA: Academic Press Inc.

Smith, D. & Onions A.H.S. (1983a). The Preservation and Maintenance of Living Fungi. Kew: CAB Mycological Institute.

Smith, D. & Onions, A.H.S. (1983b). A comparison of some preservation technques for fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81, 535-540.

Smith, D. & Waller, J.M. (1992). Culture collections of microorganisms: their importance in tropical plant pathology. Fitopathologia Brasiliensis 17, 1-8.

Sneh, B. & Adams, G.C. (1996) Culture preservation methods for maintaining the genetic integrity of Rhizoctonia spp. isolates. In: Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. (Edited by B. Sneh et al.) p 139-145. The Netehrlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Souza, K.A. & Zill, L.P. (1974). Survival of common bacteria in liquid culture under carbon dioxide at high temperatures. Nature 247, 67.

Stack, R.W., Sinclair, A.W. & Larsen, A.O. (1975). Preservation of basidiospores of Lacaris laccata for use as mycorrhizal inoculum. Mycologia 67, 167-170.

Stockdale, P.M., Smith, D. & Campbell, C.K. (1989). The maintenance and preservation of fungi. In: Clinical Mycology. (edited by E.G.V. Evans and M.D. Richardson). Oxford, UK: IRL Press.

Tommerup, I.C. & Kidby, D.K. (1979). Preservation of spores of vesicular-arbuscular endophytes by L-drying. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37, 831-835.

Trollope, D.R. (1975). The preservation of bacteria and fungi on anydryous silica gel. An assessement of survival over four years. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 38, 115-120.

Tuite, J. (1968). Liquid nitrogen storage of fungi sealed in a polyester film. Mycologia 60, 591-594.

Webster, J. & Davey, R.A. (1976). Simple method for maintaining cultures of Blastocladiella emersonii. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67, 543-544.